Did you try:
echo get_the_post_thumbnail($post_id, 'single-post-thumbnail');
Or did you try:
get_the_post_thumbnail($post_id, 'single-post-thumbnail');
They will behave differently. If you tried both, you might try this inside your function:
$post_id = $instance->get('post')->post_id;
$thumbnail_image = get_the_post_thumbnail($post_id, 'single-post-thumbnail');
Then, try calling this in your template:
echo $thumbnail_image;
If that doesn't work, you may need to try this:
echo $thumbnail_image[0];
...or possibly this:
echo '<img src="'.$thumbnail_image[0];.'">';
I'm only making educated guesses at this point, but I do hope that helps.